Women in Saudi Arabia face severe restrictions and human rights violations, despite some recent reforms:
- Women require permission from a male guardian to marry, travel, work, or access healthcare. They also face restrictions on dress codes and interaction with men.
- Prominent women's rights activists like Loujain al-Hathloul have been imprisoned, tortured, and subjected to threats of rape and death for advocating for women's rights. Eleven women activists were put on trial in 2018 for "undermining the security" of the kingdom.
- Adultery, fornication, and prostitution are illegal in Saudi Arabia and punishable by imprisonment, fines, and flogging until recently.
- If a woman is accused of adultery, she must provide testimony from four male witnesses to avoid punishment. Otherwise, she may be seen as confessing to fornication and punished by lashing.
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